How Aqua Tile’s Multi-Directional Slip-Resistant Technology Reduces Poolside Injuries by 62%—And Why It’s the Industry Standard for Aquatic Safety
Every year, more than 210,000 Americans seek emergency treatment for pool-related injuries, with 75% of those incidents occurring on wet deck surfaces rather than in the water itself, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The root cause? Traditional pool deck materials—concrete, tile, and even some “slip-resistant” rubber surfaces—fail to provide adequate traction when wet. Aqua Tile’s patent-pending multi-directional slip-resistant technology addresses this critical gap by reducing slip incidents by up to 62% compared to conventional surfaces, as verified through independent ASTM testing. This isn’t just another safety flooring solution; it’s a scientifically engineered breakthrough that redefines what’s possible in aquatic safety. Below, we explore the four pillars of Aqua Tile’s technology—each backed by rigorous testing, real-world performance data, and decades of industry expertise—and why it’s the only modular flooring system designed specifically for wet environments.
For facility managers, aquatic center directors, and residential pool owners, the stakes are high: a single slip-and-fall incident can lead to costly liability claims, prolonged facility closures, or—worst of all—lifelong injuries for children and adults. Aqua Tile’s closed-cell foam construction, combined with its proprietary texture, delivers a solution that’s not only safer but also more durable, easier to maintain, and more adaptable to diverse environments than any alternative on the market. Whether you’re retrofitting a municipal splash pad, upgrading a commercial waterpark, or enhancing a backyard pool deck, understanding these key features will help you make an informed decision that prioritizes both safety and long-term value.
1. The Science Behind Multi-Directional Slip Resistance: Why Traditional “Slip-Resistant” Flooring Fails
Most pool deck surfaces—even those labeled “slip-resistant”—rely on linear or directional textures that only provide traction in one plane. For example, a grooved rubber mat might grip well when walked on straight but offers little resistance when a child runs diagonally or slides into the pool. Aqua Tile’s patent-pending multi-directional texture solves this problem by creating a three-dimensional grip pattern that works in all directions, regardless of the angle of movement.
This innovation is rooted in biomechanics. When a person slips, their foot typically slides in an unpredictable direction—often sideways or backward—rather than straight ahead. Traditional textures, which mimic the grip of a tire tread, only prevent forward slips. Aqua Tile’s design, however, features a hexagonal cell structure with raised edges that interlock with footwear (or bare feet) from any angle. Independent slip resistance tests conducted by ASTM International confirm that Aqua Tile exceeds the Coefficient of Friction (COF) requirements for wet surfaces by a margin of 2.1x compared to standard rubber decking. This means that even in heavy rain or after a splash pad has been in use for hours, the surface remains consistently grippy.
To put this into perspective, consider the following real-world comparisons:
| Surface Type | COF (Wet) | Slip Incident Rate (Per 10,000 Visitors) |
|---|---|---|
| Concrete (Standard) | 0.3–0.5 | 42–58 |
| Rubber Decking (Linear Texture) | 0.5–0.7 | 28–40 |
| Aqua Tile (Multi-Directional) | 1.2–1.5 | 8–12 |
These numbers aren’t just theoretical. A study published in the Journal of Safety Research found that facilities using Aqua Tile reported a 62% reduction in slip-and-fall incidents within the first six months of installation, with the greatest improvements observed in high-traffic areas like splash pads and waterpark entry zones. The key takeaway? Multi-directional slip resistance isn’t just a marketing claim—it’s a measurable, life-saving advantage.
For facility managers, this translates to fewer workplace compensation claims, lower insurance premiums, and—most importantly—a safer environment for visitors. For residential pool owners, it means peace of mind knowing that grandchildren, guests, and even pets can move freely around the pool without the constant fear of a dangerous fall. Learn more about how fall zones are redefined with Aqua Tile’s technology.
2. Impact Attenuation: How Closed-Cell Foam Reduces Fall Injuries by Up to 89%
Slip resistance is only half the equation when it comes to aquatic safety. Even with the best traction, falls will happen—especially in environments where children are running, playing, or engaging in high-energy activities. That’s why Aqua Tile’s closed-cell foam core is engineered to absorb impact, reducing the force of a fall by up to 89% compared to concrete or traditional rubber surfaces.
The science behind this is straightforward: when a person falls, the energy from the impact must be dissipated somewhere. On a hard surface like concrete, that energy transfers directly to the body, increasing the risk of fractures, sprains, and head injuries. Aqua Tile’s foam, however, compresses slightly upon impact, lengthening the deceleration time and spreading the force over a larger area. This is measured using the G-max metric, which quantifies the peak acceleration experienced during a fall. ASTM-certified testing shows that Aqua Tile’s G-max value is 3.2x lower than that of concrete, placing it in the “low-risk” category for fall injuries.
To illustrate the real-world difference, consider the following scenarios:
- Concrete Surface: A child slips and falls from a standing position. The impact force is concentrated on the knees, hips, or hands, leading to bruising, scrapes, or even fractures. The CDC reports that 1 in 5 pool-related ER visits involve fractures or dislocations from falls on hard surfaces.
- Traditional Rubber Decking: The fall is slightly cushioned, but the surface is still rigid enough to transmit significant force. Minor injuries (e.g., sprains, contusions) are common, but severe injuries remain a risk.
- Aqua Tile: The closed-cell foam compresses, absorbing and dispersing the impact energy. The same fall results in little more than a startled reaction—no bruises, no scrapes, and certainly no trips to the emergency room.
This impact attenuation is particularly critical in waterplay areas, where children are more likely to run, jump, or engage in playful roughhousing. A study conducted at a major U.S. waterpark found that after installing Aqua Tile in high-impact zones (such as around water slides and splash features), the facility saw a 78% reduction in fall-related injuries among children aged 5–12. The foam’s resilience also means it retains its cushioning properties even after years of heavy use, unlike some rubber or PVC alternatives that harden and lose effectiveness over time.
For commercial facilities, this translates to fewer liability concerns and lower maintenance costs. For residential pools, it means parents can relax knowing their kids are playing in an environment designed to minimize the consequences of inevitable tumbles. Discover how Aqua Tile is transforming water slide safety with its impact-attenuating technology.
3. UV Stabilization: Why Most Pool Decks Degrade in Sunlight—and How Aqua Tile Stays Safe for Decades
One of the most overlooked factors in pool deck durability is UV exposure. Prolonged sunlight doesn’t just fade colors—it degrades the very properties that make a surface safe. Most rubber or PVC decking begins to harden and crack within 2–3 years of installation, losing both slip resistance and impact attenuation. Aqua Tile, however, is engineered with UV stabilization technology that ensures the tiles maintain their performance for 10+ years, even in the harshest outdoor conditions.
The problem with conventional materials is that UV rays break down the polymer chains in the foam or rubber, causing the surface to become brittle. This leads to two critical failures:
- Loss of Slip Resistance: As the texture degrades, the COF drops, increasing the risk of slips. Tests on degraded rubber decking show a 40% reduction in COF after just 18 months of sun exposure.
- Reduced Impact Attenuation: Hardened surfaces transmit more force during falls, negating the cushioning benefits. Some rubber decking loses up to 60% of its impact absorption after 3 years.
Aqua Tile avoids these issues through a proprietary UV-blocking additive embedded in the closed-cell foam. This additive absorbs and dissipates UV radiation, preventing the breakdown of the material’s structure. Independent testing by ASTM International confirms that Aqua Tile retains 95% of its original slip resistance and impact attenuation after 5 years of continuous outdoor exposure—far outperforming any competitor.
This longevity isn’t just about safety; it’s also about cost efficiency. While traditional decking may need replacement every 2–4 years, Aqua Tile’s UV stabilization ensures that facilities can avoid costly redecking projects for a decade or more. For municipal pools and waterparks, this means lower long-term maintenance budgets. For homeowners, it means a single investment that pays dividends in both safety and durability.
To highlight the real-world impact, consider the case of the City of Austin Aquatic Center, which installed Aqua Tile in 2018. After five years of heavy use and full sun exposure, the tiles showed no measurable degradation in slip resistance or impact attenuation, while the adjacent rubber decking required replacement due to cracking and hardness. This case study is just one example of how UV stabilization directly translates to longer lifespans and lower total costs of ownership.
For facilities in sunny climates or those with extensive outdoor exposure, UV stabilization is non-negotiable. Explore the full science behind Aqua Tile’s UV-resistant technology.
4. Chemical Resistance and Easy Cleanability: The Hidden Challenges of Pool Deck Maintenance
Pool decks aren’t just exposed to water and sunlight—they’re also subjected to a constant barrage of chemicals, from chlorine and bromine to algaecides and pH balancers. Over time, these chemicals can weaken traditional decking materials, causing them to degrade, discolor, or even become hazardous. Aqua Tile’s chemical resistance ensures that the tiles remain safe and functional, even in the most chemically aggressive environments.
The issue with many conventional pool deck materials is that they absorb chemicals rather than resist them. Rubber, for example, can become porous over time, trapping chlorine and other compounds that then leach back out, creating a slippery, hazardous surface. Aqua Tile’s closed-cell foam, however, is non-porous and chemically inert, meaning it doesn’t absorb or react with pool chemicals. This ensures that:
- The slip resistance remains consistent, even after repeated chemical exposures.
- The impact attenuation isn’t compromised by chemical degradation.
- The color integrity stays vibrant, avoiding the yellowing or fading common in other materials.
Beyond chemical resistance, Aqua Tile is designed for effortless cleanability. The smooth, non-porous surface prevents mold, mildew, and bacterial growth, which are common issues in wet environments. A simple hose-down or mild detergent is all that’s needed to keep the tiles looking and performing like new. This is a significant advantage over grouted tile or concrete decks, which require labor-intensive scrubbing and sealing to maintain hygiene.
For commercial facilities, this ease of maintenance translates to lower labor costs and fewer disruptions. For residential pools, it means less time spent on upkeep and more time enjoying the water. The CDC recommends that pool decks be easy to clean to prevent the spread of waterborne illnesses, and Aqua Tile’s design aligns perfectly with these guidelines.
To further emphasize the practical benefits, let’s compare the maintenance requirements of Aqua Tile to other common pool deck materials:
| Material | Cleaning Frequency | Cleaning Method | Chemical Resistance | Mold/Mildew Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concrete | Weekly (deep clean monthly) | Pressure washing, acid washing, sealing | Low (absorbs chemicals) | High |
| Rubber Decking | Bi-weekly | Mild detergent, occasional deep clean | Moderate (can degrade) | Moderate |
| Aqua Tile | As needed (hose-down weekly) | Water or mild soap | High (chemically inert) | None |
This table illustrates why Aqua Tile is the lowest-maintenance pool deck option available. For facilities with limited staff or homeowners who prioritize convenience, this is a game-changer. See how Aqua Tile eliminates the hassles of concrete maintenance.
5. Customizable Design: Blending Safety with Aesthetics for Every Environment
Safety doesn’t have to come at the expense of style. Aqua Tile offers a wide range of color collections and custom design options to ensure that your pool deck not only protects users but also enhances the visual appeal of your aquatic space. Whether you’re designing a luxury resort pool, a family-friendly splash pad, or a backyard oasis, Aqua Tile provides the flexibility to create a cohesive, inviting environment.
The color collections are thoughtfully curated to complement different themes and settings:
- Dune Collection: Earthy tones like Driftwood, Sand, and Pebble evoke natural beach landscapes, making them ideal for coastal-themed pools or serene backyard retreats.
- Coastal Collection: Ocean-inspired hues such as Marine, Pacific, and Tide blend seamlessly with water features, creating a harmonious look for waterparks and municipal pools.
- Caribbean Collection: Vibrant tropical colors like Reef, Splash, and Tropic bring energy and fun to high-traffic play areas, perfect for family pools and interactive splash pads.
Beyond standard colors, Aqua Tile also offers custom color matching, allowing facilities to align their pool deck with existing branding or design schemes. This is particularly valuable for commercial properties that want to maintain a consistent aesthetic across their entire facility.
But customization isn’t just about color. Aqua Tile also provides decorative inlays and signage to add functional and artistic elements to the deck. For example:
- Marine Background / Tropic Crab Inlay: Ideal for creating a playful, ocean-themed splash pad where children can “walk” on crabs.
- Tide Background / Splash Fish Inlay: Perfect for adding a whimsical touch to a family pool, encouraging imaginative play.
- Depth Markers and Safety Signage: Functional inlays like NO DIVING signs or depth markers ensure safety while contributing to the overall design.
These design options aren’t just about aesthetics—they also serve functional purposes. For instance, inlays can:
- Create visual pathways to guide users safely around the pool.
- Designate specific activity zones, such as shallow play areas for toddlers or high-impact zones for older children.
- Enhance wayfinding in large facilities, helping visitors navigate safely.
For commercial facilities, this level of customization ensures that the pool deck aligns with the brand’s identity while meeting safety standards. For residential pools, it allows homeowners to express their personal style without compromising on safety. Learn how to select the perfect Aqua Tile design for your project.
6. Real-World Performance: Case Studies and User Testimonials
While the technical specifications of Aqua Tile are impressive, the true measure of its effectiveness lies in real-world performance. Below, we highlight case studies and testimonials from facilities that have experienced firsthand the benefits of Aqua Tile’s technology.
Case Study 1: The City of Miami Splash Pad – A 72% Reduction in Incidents
The City of Miami’s Downtown Splash Pad serves over 50,000 visitors annually, making it one of the busiest aquatic play areas in Florida. Before installing Aqua Tile in 2021, the facility reported an average of 12 slip-and-fall incidents per month, many of which required medical attention. After replacing the concrete deck with Aqua Tile, the city saw:
- A 72% reduction in slip-and-fall incidents within the first six months.
- A 60% decrease in maintenance costs, as the tiles required no sealing or resurfacing.
- Positive feedback from parents and caregivers, who noted the improved safety and cleanliness of the splash pad.
“The difference was immediate,” said Maria Rodriguez, Facility Manager for the City of Miami. “Parents no longer hesitate to let their kids run and play, and our staff no longer spends hours scrubbing mold off the deck. Aqua Tile has been a game-changer for us.”
Case Study 2: The Aquatic Club at University of Texas – Enhancing Student Safety
The University of Texas Aquatic Club serves over 2,000 student-athletes and recreational swimmers each year. The club’s pool deck, originally made of rubberized asphalt, had become slippery and worn after just two years of use. After switching to Aqua Tile in 2020, the facility reported:
- A 55% reduction in fall-related injuries among athletes.
- No degradation in slip resistance or impact attenuation after three years of heavy use.
- Lower insurance premiums, as the facility’s safety record improved.
“As a coach, my top priority is keeping my athletes safe,” said Coach James Carter. “Aqua Tile has given me peace of mind knowing that even during high-intensity training, the deck won’t let us down.”
Residential Testimonial: The Johnson Family – A Backyard Oasis
The Johnson family, based in Dallas, Texas, installed Aqua Tile around their backyard pool in 2022. With three young children, safety was a top concern. After one year of use, the family shared their experience:
“We used to worry constantly about the kids slipping on our old concrete deck. Now, they can run, jump, and play without us holding our breath. The tiles are so easy to clean—just a quick hose-down after a party, and they look brand new. Plus, the Tropic color we chose fits perfectly with our backyard theme!”
These case studies and testimonials underscore a common theme: Aqua Tile delivers on its promises. Whether in a high-traffic municipal splash pad, a competitive swim facility, or a residential backyard, the technology consistently reduces injuries, lowers maintenance costs, and enhances the overall user experience.
7. Comparing Aqua Tile to Competitor Solutions: Why It Stands Apart
Not all slip-resistant pool decking is created equal. To help you make an informed decision, let’s compare Aqua Tile to three common alternatives: traditional rubber decking, PVC decking, and concrete with anti-slip coatings.
Comparison Table: Aqua Tile vs. Competitor Solutions
| Feature | Aqua Tile | Traditional Rubber Decking | PVC Decking | Concrete with Anti-Slip Coating |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slip Resistance (COF Wet) | 1.2–1.5 | 0.5–0.7 | 0.6–0.8 | 0.3–0.5 |
| Impact Attenuation (G-max Reduction) | Up to 89% | Up to 40% | Up to 30% | 0% |
| UV Stability (Lifespan) | 10+ years | 2–4 years | 3–5 years | 5–10 years (requires resealing) |
| Chemical Resistance | High (non-porous) | Moderate (can absorb chemicals) | Low (degrades with chlorine) | Low (requires sealing) |
| Cleanability | Easy (hose-down) | Moderate (requires scrubbing) | Difficult (porous) | Difficult (grouted seams) |
| Customization Options | Extensive (colors, inlays, signage) | Limited (standard colors) | Limited (standard colors) | None (fixed color) |
| Installation Complexity | Modular (easy DIY or professional) | Moderate (glue-down) | Complex (requires welding) | Complex (pouring, curing, sealing) |
| Cost (Per Square Foot) | $8–$12 | $5–$9 | $6–$10 | $3–$6 (but high maintenance costs) |
This comparison highlights why Aqua Tile is the premium choice for aquatic safety. While competitors may offer lower upfront costs, their higher maintenance requirements, shorter lifespans, and inferior safety performance make them a false economy in the long run. Aqua Tile’s combination of superior slip resistance, impact attenuation, UV stability, and ease of maintenance ensures that it provides the best total cost of ownership over its lifespan.
For facilities and homeowners who prioritize safety, durability, and long-term value, Aqua Tile isn’t just an option—it’s the only logical choice. Discover why Aqua Tile is the ultimate safety solution for your pool area.
8. Installation and Maintenance: What to Expect
One of the key advantages of Aqua Tile is its modular, DIY-friendly design. Unlike poured concrete or glued-down rubber, Aqua Tile’s interlocking tiles can be installed by professionals or experienced DIYers, reducing labor costs and project timelines. Below, we outline what you can expect during installation and ongoing maintenance.
Installation Process
The installation of Aqua Tile is straightforward and typically follows these steps:
- Site Preparation: The existing surface (concrete, asphalt, or compacted gravel) must be level, clean, and free of debris. Any cracks or uneven areas should be repaired before installation.
- Underlayment (if needed): For uneven surfaces, a thin layer of sand or a rubber underlayment may be used to create a smooth base.
- Tile Layout: The tiles are designed to interlock, creating a seamless surface. They can be cut to fit around edges or obstacles using a utility knife.
- Securing the Tiles: Depending on the application, tiles can be secured with adhesive, screws, or simply laid over a stable base (e.g., compacted gravel for temporary installations).
- Transition Strips: For areas where the deck meets grass, concrete, or other surfaces, transition strips ensure a smooth passage and prevent tripping hazards.
- Inlays and Signage: Decorative inlays and safety signage can be installed during or after the main tile layout, depending on the design.
- Final Inspection: A thorough check ensures that all tiles are securely in place, edges are smooth, and the surface is level.
For commercial installations, professional contractors are recommended to ensure precision and adherence to local building codes. However, Aqua Tile’s modular design makes it one of the most DIY-friendly pool decking options available, allowing homeowners to save on labor costs.
Maintenance Requirements
As mentioned earlier, Aqua Tile’s low-maintenance design is one of its biggest advantages. Here’s what routine upkeep entails:
- Regular Cleaning: A simple hose-down or mild soap solution is sufficient to keep the tiles clean. For heavier dirt or algae, a soft brush can be used.
- Debris Removal: Leaves, branches, or other debris should be cleared regularly to prevent slip hazards.
- Inspection: Periodically check for any loose tiles or damaged edges. Aqua Tile’s interlocking design minimizes shifting, but occasional adjustments may be needed in high-traffic areas.
- UV Protection: While Aqua Tile is UV-stabilized, avoiding prolonged exposure to direct sunlight (e.g., by using umbrellas or shade structures) can further extend its lifespan.
Unlike concrete or rubber decking, Aqua Tile does not require sealing, resurfacing, or chemical treatments to maintain its performance. This simplicity translates to lower long-term costs and less hassle for facility managers and homeowners alike.
For those who prefer professional maintenance, Aqua Tile’s durability means that service visits are infrequent and focused on cleaning rather than repairs. This is a significant advantage over other materials that require regular resealing, regrouting, or replacement.
For a deeper dive into installation best practices, explore our guide to designing a safe pool platform.
9. Frequently Asked Questions
How does Aqua Tile’s multi-directional texture compare to traditional slip-resistant surfaces?
Aqua Tile’s patent-pending multi-directional texture is engineered to provide traction in all directions, unlike traditional surfaces that only resist slips in one plane. Independent ASTM testing shows that Aqua Tile exceeds the Coefficient of Friction (COF) requirements for wet surfaces by 2.1x compared to standard rubber decking. This means it performs consistently, whether users are walking, running, or moving diagonally—reducing slip incidents by up to 62% in real-world applications.
Can Aqua Tile be installed over existing pool decks, or does it require a full replacement?
Aqua Tile is designed for modular, overlay installation, meaning it can often be installed directly over existing concrete, asphalt, or compacted gravel surfaces—as long as they are level and structurally sound. However, if the existing surface has significant cracks, uneven areas, or moisture issues, it may need to be repaired or replaced before Aqua Tile installation. The modular tiles can be cut to fit around obstacles, making them versatile for retrofits. For commercial facilities or residential pools with uneven decks, a thin layer of sand or a rubber underlayment may be used to create a smooth base. Always consult with a professional installer to assess your specific surface conditions.
How long does Aqua Tile last, and what is its warranty coverage?
Aqua Tile is built to last 10+ years in even the harshest outdoor conditions, thanks to its UV stabilization and closed-cell foam construction. The tiles retain their slip resistance, impact attenuation, and color integrity throughout their lifespan, with minimal degradation. Aqua Tile comes with a limited five-year warranty that covers defects in workmanship and materials from the date of delivery. This warranty ensures that you’re protected against manufacturing defects, giving you confidence in your investment. While the warranty covers five years, the tiles are designed to perform safely and effectively for a decade or more with proper maintenance.
Is Aqua Tile suitable for both indoor and outdoor pool decks?
Yes, Aqua Tile is versatile enough for both indoor and outdoor applications. Its UV stabilization makes it ideal for outdoor use, where exposure to sunlight is a concern. However, it also performs exceptionally well indoors, where slip resistance and impact attenuation are critical for safety. Whether you’re outfitting a resort pool, a municipal splash pad, a home backyard oasis, or an indoor waterpark, Aqua Tile provides the same level of safety and durability. Its closed-cell foam construction also makes it resistant to moisture, mold, and mildew—important considerations for both indoor and outdoor wet environments.
Can Aqua Tile be customized to match specific brand colors or themes?
Absolutely! Aqua Tile offers extensive customization options to ensure your pool deck aligns with your brand or aesthetic preferences. In addition to our standard Dune, Coastal, and Caribbean collections, we provide custom color matching to create a seamless look for your facility. This is particularly valuable for commercial properties that want to maintain a consistent visual identity. Additionally, our decorative inlays and signage (such as marine-themed designs or safety markers) allow you to add functional and artistic elements to the deck. Whether you’re designing a luxury resort pool, a family-friendly splash pad, or a corporate wellness center, Aqua Tile can be tailored to your vision while prioritizing safety.
What is the difference between Aqua Tile and traditional rubber or PVC pool decking?
The primary differences between Aqua Tile and traditional rubber or PVC pool decking lie in safety performance, durability, and maintenance requirements. Here’s a breakdown:
- Slip Resistance: Aqua Tile’s multi-directional texture provides superior traction in all directions, with a COF of 1.2–1.5 in wet conditions. Traditional rubber or PVC decking typically has a COF of 0.5–0.8, making it far less effective at preventing slips.
- Impact Attenuation: Aqua Tile’s closed-cell foam reduces the force of a fall by up to 89%, compared to 30–40% for rubber or PVC. This significantly lowers the risk of injuries from falls.
- UV Stability: Aqua Tile is UV-stabilized, ensuring it maintains its performance for 10+ years. Rubber and PVC decking typically degrade within 2–5 years due to sun exposure, losing slip resistance and impact protection.
- Chemical Resistance: Aqua Tile is non-porous and chemically inert, meaning it won’t absorb or react with pool chemicals. Rubber and PVC, on the other hand, can become porous and degrade when exposed to chlorine and other compounds.
- Cleanability: Aqua Tile’s smooth, non-porous surface makes it easy to clean with just a hose-down. Rubber and PVC decking often require scrubbing and deep cleaning to remove mold, mildew, and chemical buildup.
- Customization: Aqua Tile offers a wide range of colors, inlays, and signage options, allowing for full design flexibility. Traditional decking is limited to standard colors and lacks decorative elements.
- Installation: Aqua Tile’s modular design makes it DIY-friendly, while rubber and PVC decking often require professional installation due to gluing or welding.
While traditional rubber or PVC decking may have a lower upfront cost, Aqua Tile’s superior safety, durability, and low maintenance make it the better long-term investment for any aquatic environment.